Can the ethos of equity as offering a remedy for the over-generality Essay

Can the ethos of equity as offering a remedy for the over-generality of the law be reconciled with the formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA) - Essay Example efoucauld V Boustead [1897], where the defendant had property sold and the proceeds transferred to him, without the fair consideration that the plaintiff had equal interest in the property, which the defendant had transferred unfairly (Bar, Drobnig & Alpa, 2004 p511). The judge of the trial court had held that the estates had been transferred to the defendant, not as a trustee, but as a beneficial owner of the estates. However, the trial judge held that the existence of a trust relationship could be established. It is this generality that the ethos of equity seeks to address, and it is therefore possible to reconcile the provisions of the ethos of equity with the formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA), since section 53 (1) (c) requires that a disposition of an equitable or trust that exists at the time of the disposition, be in writing and signed by the party disposing the property (McFarlane, Hopkins & Nield, 2012 p373). This provision safeguards against the unfair transfer without having involved the consent of the interested parties, which is also the objective of the ethos of equity. Therefore, the ethos of equity and formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA) can be

Socrates Argument That Virtue Is Wisdom Philosophy Essay

Socrates Argument That Virtue Is Wisdom Philosophy Essay Socrates claimed that virtue is knowledge. He identifies that two terms as being identical (Reshotko, 2006). Virtue is knowledge and knowledge is virtue. There are two claims which help make sense on the claim of Socrates that knowledge is virtue. These are those which relate to the understanding of what is good and how it gives people advantage, and what is evil and how creates harm to people. The default perception of people is to always go for that which they believe will give them an advantage and not cause any harm. It is therefore not knowledge alone but that which is knowledge of the good. Knowledge is therefore necessary for one to be able to live their lives in virtue. Humans have the freedom to do whatever they want. It is present to the extent that a person takes control of his life, makes decisions of his own and lives his life in whatever way he wants to. The presence of freedom gives one also the freedom to choose which he bases on his thoughts. When we have the knowledge of things and awareness of the things around us, we can choose what we think is right or beneficial for us. Knowledge gives us the freedom to choose which is right and wrong, which is bad and good. And by this knowledge and the exercise of our freedoms, we choose those which are good and beneficial, giving us lives living in virtue. An examination of things that benefit humans are given in the discussion; and these things are health, strength, beauty and wealth. These are the things that humans consider as beneficial, yet such is not absolute since these are also things that can harm humans. They are viewed as good if it leads to happiness and viewed as bad if it leads to harm (Reshotko, 2006). These are different types of human experiences since most peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives are caught in things that have little or no importance to those that are of extreme importance. These experiences are viewed differently from people to people. Same way as these experiences are looked at as bad or good. Say for instance, you taste coffee. We feel the enjoyment there but such is not lasting and may only be for a few seconds or minutes. However pleasant such a taste or experience may be, it is in no way a significant part of every personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives. Something that is valuable for only a few minutes is not really valuable and does not deserve serious concern. There are qualities of the soul and these are moderation, justice, courage, intelligence, memory, munificence, and all such things. Humans think and act toward things which they deem are good for them. Religion as a particular part of humansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ lives can be very influential in providing people with what is right and wrong and also with an image of how they view themselves and others. The fact of one being virtuous comes from the fact of knowing something as being good or bad. Knowledge of someone in choosing what is right or wrong, bad or good necessarily arises from the fact also that one is living a life that is virtuous. Many examples of living in virtuous state could be given. These virtuous instances are all anchored on beauty or seeing something good in what they do. The painter who paints something beautiful lives in the eternity of that beauty in his painting. The scientist who devotes his life to finding meaning in things lives in the eternity of that meaning. The mother who gives herself to take care of her family with love is an instance where that is what is perceived as good and thus choice to do that comes from that knowledge. We admire heroes, for instance, and all those who have lived their lives in high ideals. We sense meaning in the lives of these people. This shows that to desire beautiful things is to desire good things (Denise, et al, 2007). It is true that there are some people also who desire bad things. The reason may be because they believe such are good things or the reason could be because they desire such things to be good even if they are aware that they are not. But those who desire good things have not lived for the sake of satisfactions and pleasures which are in passing only but they have lost themselves in values, living in virtue through knowledge, which will always be remembered forever. Society provides man with a language and ways of expressing oneself and it is in terms of that language that man is able to communicate and assert his values, desires and ideals. Through this, we can see whether a person is living life in virtue or not. We cannot delve into his unconscious and what he thinks, but such is acted out into reality by what we see. If we see someone is virtuous, such therefore comes from knowledge of what is good and what is bad. But the argument is not to the extent that it is all knowledge that is needed for one to have virtue. Practical knowledge is being referred to in this case. As Socrates put it, to know the good is to know how to live well, how to bring it about that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s soul properly cared for (Denise, et al, 2007). Knowledge is necessary but not what is all important. Thus, as Socrates correctly argued, knowledge is virtue and virtue is knowledge. They co-exist and depend on each other. One is not what it is if not for the othe r. Knowledge comes from the fact of being virtuous. Virtue arises from the fact of knowing what is good and evil

The Case for Mercy-Killing Essay -- Euthanasia, Mercy-killing, Assiste

Two patients share a hospital room. By miraculous circumstance, they are both suffering identical cases of late stage terminal cancer, and both have expressed firmly that they don’t want their lives to be artificially extended. Patient A has contracted a hospital-borne infection, and will die quickly if this infection is not treated. This being the case, the doctors decide to take no action, allowing Patient A to die from the infection. This raises the question: what does this choice imply for Patient B? Should he be allowed to choose active euthanasia to combat his suffering? I will argue that there is no moral distinction between letting Patient A die and â€Å"killing† Patient B. I will do so by looking at each patient’s circumstances individually, then applying arguments about euthanasia to their cases, and ultimately bringing them back together to consider a verdict. While some may argue that there is a difference between killing Patient B and lettin g Patient A die, I assert that any such claims are based in irrelevant reasoning. First, let’s consider the reasoning behind the patients choosing to forego extraordinary treatment for their cancer. They have decided, as Beauchamp would put it, that refusing to prolong their lives in the face of pain and suffering â€Å"neither harms nor wrongs [them] and may provide a benefit† (Beauchamp, 76). They â€Å"intend to quit life because of its bleak possibilities† (Beauchamp, 77). The doctor readily complies with their wishes out of moral, legal, and professional obligation. A choice has been made to let both patients die, as a response to their â€Å"competent and authoritative refusal of treatment† (Beauchamp 74). In Patient A’s case, he was lucky enough (in the most morbid way possible) to... ...es out of mercy. Beauchamp puts it eloquently when he says â€Å"From a moral point of view, causing a person’s death is wrong when it is wrong not because the death is intended or because it is caused, but because an unjustified harm or loss to the person occurs† (Beauchamp, 76). The objection that killing Patient B is worse than allowing Patient A to die does not survive, because such a claim is based on the assumption that a killing would be unjust. The doctor and the patients have decided that death is preferable to life, and there is no injustice involved in any possible outcome from there on out. Squeamishness about the doctor being responsible for killing Patient B, directly, has no place in the discussion, because by the time the discussion is taking place, that would be like being squeamish over the doctor prescribing morphine to reduce a patient’s suffering.

Drinks that Influenced History and Civilization Essay

The author describes the origin of six drinks that greatly influenced history and civilization around the world: beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and cola. He explains how each drink was the defining drink during a historical period from antiquity to present day. The fluids are vital because each had a role of shaping the modern world. They have been used as currencies, in religious rites, as a political symbol, sources of philosophical and artistic inspiration. Some have served to highlight the power of the elite, and appease the downtrodden. They connected world cultures by impacting trade, economy, religion, and politics. Beer was discovered through different methods of cooking and storing cereal grains. When the ice age ended, lands such as the Fertile Crescent provided abundant cereal grains. Such grains provided a reliable source of food, and the ability to store cereal grains began to encourage people to stay in one place. This resulted in permanent settlements as societies transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming. Although the residents of such villages continued to hunt, skeletal evidence suggests that they subsisted mostly on plant-based diets. Beer was shared, and it was symbol of hospitality and friendship. To Neolithic drinkers, beer’s ability to intoxicate and ferment seemed magical, and it was concluded that it was a gift from the gods. Beer-drinking cultures tell stories and myths of how it was discovered. Mesopotamians and Egyptians saw beer as an ancient, god-given drink that supported their existence, formed part of their cultural and religious identity, and had great social importance. It was consumed by anyone regardless of status, age, or gender. Beer impacted the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations greatly. The emergence of complex societies, the need to keep written records, and the popularity of beer all followed from the surplus of grain. It was also used as a form of currency and payment. Beer also had a direct link to health. Mesopotamians and Egyptians used it medicinally. The Egyptians used bread and beer in funerals. Without the discovery of beer, the earliest civilizations of Southwest Asia and Egypt would not have been as prosperous.

Chemistry Bonding Notes and Lewis Dot Structures

CChemistry Exam #2 Study Guide (10/07/12) I. Bonding a. Ionic Bonding i. Electrons are transferred ii. Ions are held together by electrostatic force b. Covalent Bonding iii. Electrons are somehow shared iv. Electrons are attracted to nuclei (shared) II. Electronegativity c. The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself d. Measured on Pauling Scale e. Most electronegative: Fluorine. Then Oxygen. f. Depending on electronegativity of X and Y, there are 3 possibilities: v. X and Y have identical electronegativities (Non Polar) vi.X and Y have dissimilar electronegativities (Polar)- Y is slightly negative; has greater control than slightly positive X vii. X and Y have very different electronegativities (Ionic)- Y is negative; has full control g. Polar Covalent viii. Size depends on electronegative difference ix. Arrow points to where electrons are dragged to x. Dipole Moment measured in Debyes (D) 1. [Dipole Momenti = Q*r] xi. Possesses some ionic character 2. The bigger the difference†¦ a. The more polar the bond b. The bigger the dipole c. The more ionic in character III.Electron Configuration for Ions h. Atom forms an ion with electron configuration of the closest noble gas xii. True for representative S and P block xiii. Atom will lose up to three or gain up to three electrons 3. For D-block elements d. Outer S electrons lost before outer D electrons 4. For P-block elements e. Outer P lost before the outer S electrons, which are lost before outer D IV. Ionic Radii i. Size descriptions based on charge xiv. Positive ions are always smaller than the parent atom xv. Negative ions are always larger than the parent atom j.Periodic trend xvi. Ionic radii increase within a column going from top to bottom xvii. Ionic radii decrease within a row going from left to right V. Isoelectronic Ions k. Have the same number of electrons l. Radius decreases as atomic number increases VI. Compounds m. Ionic xviii. High Melting Point and Boiling Poin t (brittle solids) xix. Soluble in polar solvents like water xx. Insoluble in nonpolar solvents like Hexane xxi. Metal and Nonmetal xxii. Any compound that conducts electric current when melted n. Covalent xiii. Low Melting Point and Boiling Point (solid/liquid/gas) xxiv. Insoluble in polar solvents (exception: Sugar! ) xxv. Soluble in nonpolar solvents xxvi. Nonmetal and Nonmetal o. Crystals xxvii. All group 1 Alkali metals and Group 7 Halogens make crystals xxviii. Sublimation: solid to a gas! VII. Lattice Energy p. Measure of how strongly ions interact together (compares sizes of ions) xxix. enthalpy of formation of the ionic compound from gaseous ions and as such is invariably exothermic xxx. he energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ionic constituents q. Goes to closer energy (emits energy as heat)- always more negative number r. (+) = endothermic (absorbing energy) s. (-) = exothermic (releasing energy) t. Energy is released! xxx i. =K[(Q1Q2)/(r)] xxxii. Large for small â€Å"r† (average distance between ions)- higher boiling point, more stable, difficult to separate, but still fragile xxxiii. Large â€Å"Q†- highly charged xxxiv. Lattice energy goes down in same group VIII.Bond Order u. Triple Bond (as bond energy increases, bond length decreases! ) xxxv. Highest Bond Order xxxvi. Strongest xxxvii. Shortest v. Double Bond w. Single Bond xxxviii. Weakest xxxix. Longest xl. Lowest Bond Order IX. Resonance x. More than one Lewis Dot Structure can be drawn for the same arrangement (skeleton) of atoms. Only the bonds differ! y. True structure is a ‘hybrid’ or ‘blend’ of possible resonance structures z. Not double or single bonds, but all bonds with order 1. 3333 {. Shuffling of electrons |. Formal Charge li. Look at one atom at a time (sum of Formal Charge must add up to over all charge of structure) xlii. (# of valance e- on free atom) – [(# of lone pair e-) + (# o f bonds)] X. Octet Rule Violators }. Always OBEY the octet rule: B, C, O, N, and F. ~. 5 EXCEPTIONS we should know: xliii. ________________________ . Radical- odd number of electrons . Biradical- EVEN number of electrons – has TWO UNPAIRED electrons (O2) . Groups 5-8 (3rd row and lower can have more than 8 valance) XI. VSEPR Theory . â€Å"Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion† Bonds and lone pairs repel (more lone pairs= squeezed) . Determines the likely shape of a molecule . Does not describe how the bonding occurs . Steps: xliv. Draw Lewis Dot Structure xlv. Count RHED (Region of High Electron Density) xlvi. Predict electronic geometry (arrangement of RHED) xlvii. Determine molecular geometry xlviii. Are bonds polar? xlix. Is the molecule polar? . If dipoles cancel out (the same), it is non polar! . Doesn’t matter about net dipole direction, it will be polar! . Pairs of diploes not arranged to cancel (different sizes)

Hiring Someone to Write a Term Paper

Hiring Someone to Write a Term Paper Hiring Someone to Write a Term Paper In our days, this is no longer a problem to hire a writer for your academic papers. Depending on the sphere of your academic knowledge and the individual characteristics of your writing style, you may find the soul mate among the staff of the online custom writing companies. In such companies, there is usually a wide range of writers specializing in different subjects and proficient in composing the academic papers of various kinds. So, everything you need to do is to find the credible online-based company, order the first paper with them, then the second and the third ones if needed and find the writer who knows how to satisfy you and your most demanding teacher. A proficient and skillful academic term paper writer is to possess several qualities due to which they may be distinguished among the others. First of all, they need to have the in-depth and thorough knowledge of the subject. This may be Geography of Math, Sports of Classical English Literature. No matter what your profiling subject is, you will definitely find the writer who is good at it. What is more, the writer needs to know how to format the paper accordingly, in other words they need to be aware of the basic formatting styles, that of MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard and others. And what is even more important, your writer needs to satisfy the instructions given by you and your tutor. This is the quality of utmost importance, since the personal approach towards writing term papers is not always good for a custom term papers writer. On the contrary, they need to know how to apply your research techniques and practices to make your term paper sound professional and completed according to the demands. The financial aspect of your cooperation with the term paper writer plays not the last role in the entire business relation with them. The writer whom you have selected to cooperate with should be moderate in pricing the paper, right? Everyone knows that students can not afford to spend much money on the custom paper writing services, so the term paper writer of yours is to be aware of this statement as well. The prices for their pages are to be moderate and coincide with the average ones in the industry. Once you ensure that the writer’s work and efforts cost more, you may offer them a slight increasing of the price and this could become one more motivational factor for the writer to keep on cooperating with you. All in all, you would learn how to understand each other better and your cooperation would turn into a friendly and mutually beneficial one. Feel free to hire a paper writer at writing service for ordering a high-quality custom term paper on any topic.

Rumba essays

Rumba essays I have always enjoyed music and dance and have been interested in its history. As a result of this class, I have a much greater appreciation for the sound, rhthym, dance, spirit and cultural significance of the Rumba. Now, when I think of Rumba, I hear the beat of the drums and my feet begin to move to the echo of the clave in my head. The musical tradition of Rumba dates back to Bantu tribes in Africa. Words like Tumba, Macumba, and Tambo are African words that have been used to describe dances similar dances to Rumba that imitated barnyard animal movements. Carried to Cuba in the 1800s by African slaves, the musical style of todays Rumba evolved out of the slums of Cuba after slavery was abolished in 1886. The word, rumba derives from the Spanish verb, rumbiar which means to dance. In her book, Rumba, Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba, Yvonne Daniel tells us that Cuban musicologists who have studied music and dance agree that the precise meaning of rumba is difficult to determine....but points to those words of African origin that mean a collective party, unrelated to religious ritual.(17) Other scholars think that the Rumba has its roots in Spain. In any case, the Rumba became very popular in Cuba in the late 19th century. Some authorities feel that Rumba implies a festive occasion as much as a specific dance and music style. Since Rumba originated from the barrios of Cuba, there were no elaborate congo drums or wooden claves. Fearing rebellion and uprisings, the colonists outlawed the use of drums. To get around these regulations, the performers (called rumberos) used empty wooden crates, upside down drawers, and the sides of wardrobes as drums, and two spoons held together or frying pans to keep the beat. These percussion instruments were accompanied by clapping, and singing as well as dancing. Rumba parties (rumbones) were com ...

Heres How to Use Attribution to Avoid Plagiarism in Your News Stories

Heres How to Use Attribution to Avoid Plagiarism in Your News Stories Recently I was editing a story by a student of mine at the community college where I teach journalism. It was a sports story, and at one point there was a quote from one of the professional teams in nearby Philadelphia. But the quote was simply placed in the story with no attribution. I knew it was highly unlikely that my student had landed a one-on-one interview with this coach, so I asked him where he had gotten it. I saw it in an interview on one of the local cable sports channels, he told me. Then you need to attribute the quote to the source, I told him. You need to make it clear that the quote came from an interview done by a TV network. This incident raises two issues that students often are unfamiliar with, namely, attribution and plagiarism. The connection, of course, is that you must use proper attribution in order to avoid plagiarism. Attribution Lets talk about attribution first. Any time you use information in your news story that doesnt come from your own firsthand, original reporting, that information must be attributed to the source where you found it. For example, lets say youre writing a story about how students at your college are being affected by changes in gas prices. You interview lots of students for their opinions and put that in your story. Thats an example of your own original reporting. But lets say you also cite statistics about how much gas prices have risen or fallen recently. You might also include the average price of a gallon of gas in your state or even across the country. Chances are, you probably got those numbers from a website, either a news site like The New York Times, or a site that specifically focuses on crunching those kinds of numbers. Its fine if you use that data, but you must attribute it to its source. So if you got the information from The New York Times, you must write something like this: According to The New York Times, gas prices have fallen nearly 10 percent in the last three months. Thats all thats required. As you can see, attribution isnt complicated. Indeed, attribution is very simple in news stories, because you dont have to use footnotes or create bibliographies the way you would for a research paper or essay. Simply cite the source at the point in the story where the data is used. But many students fail to properly attribute information in their news stories. I often see articles by students that are full of information taken from the Internet, none of it attributed. I dont think these students are consciously trying to get away with something. I think the problem is the fact that the Internet offers a seemingly infinite amount of data thats instantly accessible. Weve all gotten so accustomed to googling something we need to know about, and then using that information in whatever way we see fit. But a journalist has a higher responsibility. He or she must always cite the source of any information they havent gathered themselves. (The exception, of course, involves matters of common knowledge. If you say in your story that the sky is blue, you dont need to attribute that to anyone, even if you havent looked out the window for a while.) Why is this so important? Because if you dont properly attribute your information, youll be vulnerable to charges of plagiarism, which is just about the worst sin a journalist can commit. Plagiarism Many students dont understand plagiarism in quite this way. They think of it as something thats done in a very broad and calculated way, such as copying and pasting a news story from the Internet, then putting your byline on top and sending it to your professor. Thats obviously plagiarism. But most cases of plagiarism that I see involve the failure to attribute information, which is a much more subtle thing. And often students dont even realize they are engaging in plagiarism when they cite unattributed information from the Internet. To avoid falling into this trap, students must clearly understand the distinction between firsthand, original reporting and information gathering, i.e., interviews the student has conducted him or herself, and secondhand reporting, which involves getting information that someone else has already gathered or acquired. Lets return to the example involving gas prices. When you read in The New York Times that gas prices have fallen 10 percent, you may think of that as a form of information-gathering. After all, you are reading a news story and getting information from it. But remember, to ascertain that gas prices had fallen 10 percent, The New York Times had to do its own reporting, probably by talking to someone at a government agency that tracks such things. So in this case the original reporting has been done by The New York Times, not you. Lets look at it another way. Lets say you personally interviewed a government official who told you that gas prices had fallen 10 percent. That is an example of you doing original reporting. But even then, you would need to state who was giving you the information, i.e., the name of the official and the agency that he works for.   In short, the best way to avoid plagiarism in journalism is to do your own reporting and attribute any information that doesnt come from your own reporting. Indeed, when writing a news story its better to air on the side of attributing information too much rather than too little. An accusation of plagiarism, even of the unintended kind, can quickly ruin a journalists career. Its a can of worms you just dont want to open. To cite just one example, Kendra Marr was a rising star at Politico.com when editors discovered  shed lifted material from articles done by competing news outlets. Marr wasnt given a second chance. She was fired. So when in doubt, attribute.

IT Project Management and group activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Project Management and group activity - Essay Example Performance-centric approach of the senior management enabled the team to identify associated bottlenecks in the operational environment. Teamwork acts as a positive influence on creativity, productive synergies, independent and collective decision making, strategic concept development and organizational culture and leadership. These positive changes were noticed in good measure during the duration of the project and the subsequent learning outcomes delineated the success parameters of each task according to the guidelines. Diverse skills of team members were utilized in their respective areas of specialty thus leading to all benefits associated with the clear division of labor. The project plan was initiated with clearly defined targets and phases of activity that were put through the whole process with well balanced steps. Team leadership was particularly impressive in establishing a close rapport with team members whose contribution was measured in relation to a set of motivation factors. Though some positive synergies were recorded through this process, there were some shortcomings as well. For instance being mobile from one place to the other during the week entailed a lot of time waste in sending multiple e-mails and a rise costs. Further team leader’s instructions weren’t received by all team members in the same manner and as result there were some discrepancies in performance. However, overall success of the project cannot be denied due to its proper

I dont have one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

I dont have one - Essay Example The current tagline for this product is, ‘Clean you can see. Softness you can feel’. The 100 oz of Tide has a huge market share and demand for 214 oz is low (Tide). Quantity Sales Price 50 oz $8.00 100 oz $15.00 214 oz $23.99 Goals and objectives of the Company: The Goals of the company is to provide the World with the branded and superior quality products that would improve the lives of the consumers for the future generation to come. This will result in the increase in sales and it will create the value for the shareholders (Tide). Goals of Promotional campaign strategy: The goals of promotional campaign strategy would be to integrate all the characteristics that are found in the different brands of tide detergent and merge them into a single product and communicate that this particular brand holds every features that are found in various product lines of Tide which would fulfill the desires of the customers. This promotional campaign would synchronize with the company ’s goals which say that we have to improve the lives of future generation. Tide Perfect Secondary Analysis of Competition: Competitors: Tide is far ahead dominating the detergent industry in United States with a major market share of 41.3 percent. The market share is more than four times than the second number brand exists in the market. There are so many brands that are trailing behind the competition that does not deserved to be called a number 2 brand. Snow white, All, Purex, Arm & Hammer, Etra and Wisk are the detergents with no more than 9 percent of market share each (Packaged facts). Procter & Gamble is the leading company in terms of sales in the United States and the total products of Tide detergent makes up to $2000 Million dollar sales which is far ahead than its competitors (Packaged facts). Particularly in Liquid detergents, Tide still leads with a handful of margin than its competitors but there have been reported a -2.16 percent decrease in the sales. One of th e reasons of this decrease in the sale percentage is because other brands have spent much more in the advertising sector than Tide (Branna). Customers: The product will be targeted to the group of customers that wants all of the features of a detergent in a single product. These are the customers who would want to clean their clothes in a perfectly manner. They would want to get rid of the tough stains, dingy white and would want to eliminate the odor as well. The price of the product would remain slightly higher than the rest of the products of Tide, so the customers that have a slightly higher standard of living would be able to purchase it. Promotional Strategy: There are various promotional strategies to promote the brand ‘Tide Perfect’. The product is to be communicated to the right people and with a suitable strategy to make a product a success. ‘All in one’ strategy: The promotional strategy would be based on the integration of the elements present i n the different brands of Tide detergent. To come up with a product ‘Tide Perfect’ that would have all the ingredients that is useful for all family members. It is to portray that this brand is complete in various aspects. It will also be conveyed in the message that Tide removes stains specifically better than its competitors because many people are attracted towards a detergent if it has better cleaning.

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy Essay

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy - Essay Example 12 References 13 Work Councils – Functions and Difference from Trade Unions Globalization has triggered sea changes not only in the transnational commerce but multinational companies are also deluged with issues concerning labor relations in a cross cultural and multi-economic scenario. The earlier concept of negotiating with a central trade union and implementing the issues agreed upon in workplace is no longer a sufficient guarantee of smooth labor relations. Multinational enterprises now need to negotiate at multiple levels with trade unions of several countries to achieve harmonious labor relations. This surely is a humongous task what with dealing in unionized labor of different cultural and economic contexts (Prahalad and Doz 1987). Such situations surely result in loss of managerial flexibility as conditions agreed upon in one country might not be acceptable in another country. Further, the terms and conditions of appointment and associated remunerations and perquisites also vary from country to country thus causing unwelcome variances in managing human resources. The basic problem of transnational human resource management can be categorized as (Poole 1986): The level of technological attainment and unionization of labor in a particular country The nature and extent of governmental intervention in labor management The number and political polarization of trade unions Impact, if any, of religious organizations on trade unions Strategies adopted by management These factors have resulted in the growth and proliferation of various types of trade unions which could be either generalized trade unions that represented all categories of employees, or, craft unions that represented employees having specific skill sets and are employed in different industries, or, a conglomerate of unions spread across different countries. Such diversity, quite obviously, present a rather daunting scenario for executives entrusted with the responsibility of collective barg aining with employees and also raises the prospect of multiple agreements within a single corporate entity. One option open to multinational corporations to find some semblance of order in this otherwise chaotic and indeterminate scenario is to set up work councils. These are micro level labor representatives who are elected by workers of a specific factory for a period of four years. The most vibrant forms of such work councils are observed in Germany where once nation-wide agreements with recognized trade unions are completed by representatives of a particular industry, each individual member firm of that particular industry undertake negotiations with their respective work councils on the details of how such an agreement has to be implemented in a particular work place. As members of work councils need not be members of recognized trade unions, these councils can be formed even in those industries where there is no existence of a nationally recognized trade union. This surely inv ests in such councils a large degree of flexibility and freedom from dogma or political influence associated with conventional trade unions. This also provides an opportunity for both management and workers to strike out an agreement that factors in micro specifics and thus is beneficial to both the workers and that particular firm. The other benefit of having work councils is that the levels of interaction and the channels of communication between management and wo

How do psychological mindsets act as enemies of intelligence How does Essay

How do psychological mindsets act as enemies of intelligence How does this influence surprise or failure Can the Intelligence - Essay Example It means that there will always be some cases wherein some members of the intelligence group can unconsciously destabilize the goal of being able to come up with a timely and accurate intelligence report (Betts, 2007, p. 264). Whether deliberately or not, the act of destablizing the goal of intelligence can happen each time the members of the intelligence group would manipulate or falsely interpretate the gathered information. Eventually, the use of distorted information can lead to inaccurate conclusions or wrong reactions. It means that each time a member of the intelligence community failed to identify misinterpreted data, there is a higher chance wherein the intelligence group can end up making wrong or inaccurate predictions (Betts, 2007, p. 6). How does psychological mindsets influence surprise or failure? There are cases wherein some members of the intelligence group tend to make use of their own biased personal judgment when making important decisions. Within this context, ps ychological mindset can pertain to a scenario wherein the human mind would considered some false information as something that is accurate and highly reliable. Therefore, aside from the risk of passing around some out-dated information in different agencies related to intelligence, one can argue that the use of a false mindset can distort the ability of the intelligence in terms of being able to accurately interpret or analyze the gathered information. Often times, the use of a false mindset can trigger the risk of intelligence failure. Each time intelligence failure happens, the members of the intelligence group can be caught up in a surprise because of the falsely predicted outcome. A good example of such case is the September 11 attack. Despite the number of agencies set out to protect the national security of the United States, the intelligence community ended up pretty much surprised by the attack (Betts, 2007, p. 4). Can the intelligence community overcome or optimize analysis despite these obstacles? To prevent the risks of national disaster, the main role of the intelligence community is to collect, correlate, and analyze information that are useful in terms of maintaining the national security (Betts, 2007, p. 1). However, intelligence group often faces obstacles which could prevent them from effectively fulfilling their goals. Among these obstacles include: (1) the outside enemies – which are referring to the main subject of intelligence such as a terrorist group or any groups or countries that are currently in conflict or are totally against the United States and are trying to mislead the intelligence community from performing their tasks in terms of preserving the national security; (2) the innocent enemies – which are referring to individuals who aim to destabilize the goal of being able to come up with a timely and accurate intelligence report; and/or (3) the inherent enemies – which are usually triggered by human interventio n that can affect the overall function of the intelligence group (Betts, 2007, p. 9, 12, 264). Despite all these obstacles, it is possible for the intelligence community to overcome or optimize the analysis of the gathered information. However, it will never be easy on the part of the intelligen

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Labour government 1997-2007 - Essay Example This implies that the government was not stable and had no strong probability to solve governmental issues or give firm stands concerning the United Kingdom hence Blair had to work hard under his personal capacity to ensure that the UK was better placed as compared to earlier governments. Tony Blair’s regime as a Prime Minister achieved a landslide of successes though on the other side, the government failed to address some national and international challenges as discussed below (Shaw, 2012: 56). Achievements of tony Blair’s government 1. Development Tony Blair being a Member of Parliament before winning the 1997 general elections had a clue on the sidelines to follow in order to enhance development and growth of the United Kingdom. Though this seem to be unrealistic due to the less informed his cabinet was, he made a lot of positive strides across the entire world. The Prime Minister reasoned out with the all the political parties, British public as well as the media against joining the Eurozone to adopt the Euro. This act brought internal cooperation and peace as the nation spoke in one voice (Gunter & Forrester, 2008: 151). Being a learned person, Blair new well that motivation was key to success and quality work. He therefore introduced the National minimum wage and went as far as raising it. The move positively enhanced the living standards and created a great correlation to the general provision of services which include government and non-governmental based. In the early years, Tony Blair held several meetings with key African leaders showing how personally he was concerned on developing Africa and making it a free sate of success, a message that went down into giving the Africans more attention beyond the issues of aid. The Great 8 (G8) summits majorly centered on issues to do with: development through improving governance, investing in people, embracing peace and stability as well as mutual accountability (David, 2012). The long standing relationship between the South African President; Thabo Mbeki and the British government led to establishment of new approaches to develop Africa as a whole to enable the African countries to rely on their efforts unlike depending so much on donors. Today South Africa stands out to be a great republic through these unstoppable efforts (Andrew, 2013: 90). The New Labour Government invested more in realizing the goals of learning institutions through fully supporting learning processes as from lower levels to high institutions, employment of more civil servants, improving their terms of work and enhancing job creation. 2. Climatic change policy. Unpredictable weather patterns has remained a major issue to be address up to date and policy makers find it difficult due to the ever changing living patterns surrounded with scientific innovations and industrialization. The New Labour Party developed the climate change agenda in 1997 as Europe become reluctant to minimize the levels of sulp hure emissions into the air. It was later taken to be the government’s environmental policy that aimed at regulating the amount of harmful gases and other wastes eliminated into the air. Successful cooperation of Tony Blair’s government and the business firms saw more approaches developed towards tackling climatic change. Through Blair’

Depiction of women in the advertisements from 1950 to 2005 Essay

Depiction of women in the advertisements from 1950 to 2005 - Essay Example This "Depiction of women in the advertisements from 1950 to 2005" essay outlines how the advertisements and their depiction of women altered and reflected society throughout history, from 1950 to 2005. It was found out that in 1970, advertisements emphasised that a woman’s place was in the home, though there were 29 million women in the labour force at that time. Women were shown as independent only when inexpensive items or simple decisions were involved, sending the message that women do not make important decisions or do important things. It was observed that Women were generally isolated from their sex within the ads, thus signalling that women are dependent and constantly require men’s protection. In addition, Women were often found in decorative roles having little relationship to the product, thus saying that men regards women primarily as sexual objects and are not interested in them as people. In contrast, the portrayal of men (Lovdal, 1989) was as independent people who are intelligent and fully involved in a career. Men, shown in authoritative positions, were depicted 78% of the time in out-of-home settings. Belknap and Leanord II (1991) analysing women's magazines from 1940-70, discovered that the feminine ideal was one of child-bearer, child-rearer and homemaker, with the advertisements depicting women as possessing characteristics of passivity and dependency. For example, in the advertisement shown here, the quote runs, â€Å"you trust it’s Quality†, implying that the woman as a nurse or helper is someone you can trust.

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Labour government 1997-2007 - Essay Example This implies that the government was not stable and had no strong probability to solve governmental issues or give firm stands concerning the United Kingdom hence Blair had to work hard under his personal capacity to ensure that the UK was better placed as compared to earlier governments. Tony Blair’s regime as a Prime Minister achieved a landslide of successes though on the other side, the government failed to address some national and international challenges as discussed below (Shaw, 2012: 56). Achievements of tony Blair’s government 1. Development Tony Blair being a Member of Parliament before winning the 1997 general elections had a clue on the sidelines to follow in order to enhance development and growth of the United Kingdom. Though this seem to be unrealistic due to the less informed his cabinet was, he made a lot of positive strides across the entire world. The Prime Minister reasoned out with the all the political parties, British public as well as the media against joining the Eurozone to adopt the Euro. This act brought internal cooperation and peace as the nation spoke in one voice (Gunter & Forrester, 2008: 151). Being a learned person, Blair new well that motivation was key to success and quality work. He therefore introduced the National minimum wage and went as far as raising it. The move positively enhanced the living standards and created a great correlation to the general provision of services which include government and non-governmental based. In the early years, Tony Blair held several meetings with key African leaders showing how personally he was concerned on developing Africa and making it a free sate of success, a message that went down into giving the Africans more attention beyond the issues of aid. The Great 8 (G8) summits majorly centered on issues to do with: development through improving governance, investing in people, embracing peace and stability as well as mutual accountability (David, 2012). The long standing relationship between the South African President; Thabo Mbeki and the British government led to establishment of new approaches to develop Africa as a whole to enable the African countries to rely on their efforts unlike depending so much on donors. Today South Africa stands out to be a great republic through these unstoppable efforts (Andrew, 2013: 90). The New Labour Government invested more in realizing the goals of learning institutions through fully supporting learning processes as from lower levels to high institutions, employment of more civil servants, improving their terms of work and enhancing job creation. 2. Climatic change policy. Unpredictable weather patterns has remained a major issue to be address up to date and policy makers find it difficult due to the ever changing living patterns surrounded with scientific innovations and industrialization. The New Labour Party developed the climate change agenda in 1997 as Europe become reluctant to minimize the levels of sulp hure emissions into the air. It was later taken to be the government’s environmental policy that aimed at regulating the amount of harmful gases and other wastes eliminated into the air. Successful cooperation of Tony Blair’s government and the business firms saw more approaches developed towards tackling climatic change. Through Blair’

Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Below - Essay Example After deciding I wanted to commit myself abroad, I decided to enroll in the Paris Summer Program. I felt that this program would offer me a hand on opportunity for me to further enhance and test my control of the French language in real life experience, something that could only be achieved by working overseas. I also knew that this would also help me complete the requirements of my French major. Beside just this, I would also become integrated and introduced to a new and exciting culture, as well as the different ideas and thought patterns of the French people. I feel this is invaluable experience, and an experience that can only be truly attained by working with the culture first hand in that very country. This will also help me to expand my horizons as an International Relations major, and will help be learn how to work with other cultures, a valuable experience for one like me who wishers to further become involved in the field of International Relations. One of my aspirations an d greatest dream is to work with an international organization in Switzerland, which is a Francophone country.

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issue Of The Kalabagh Dam Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan has faced energy crisis problems from the start but they were very mild and were being dealt with very well. It was not until the 1990s that the problem of the energy crisis started to get serious due to the rise in the demand for it. Dams can be defined as fence which stops the water or upstream rivers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dam) The main purpose of any dam is to keep hold of water. Dams can also be used to collect water or can be used in order to store water, in order to equally distribute between different areas. Hydropower is often used in union with dams, in order to generate electricity. Kalabagh is a small town in province Punjab located in Mianwali district. Kalabagh was the location which was proposed for building the Kalabagh dam, as this place is located on the western side of the river Indus. The main idea of Kalabagh dam was going on from decades but once again it was brought up by General Pervez Musharaf, but due to problems and conflicts raised between Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan; this issue has still not been worked upon. Out of all four provinces, Punjab is the only province which is favor of building the Kalabagh dam. And Punjab is the strongest of all four provinces, and has centralized government legislation. The other three provinces are completely against this decision and have passed undivided resolutions rejecting the project of building Kalabagh dam. This is because Baluchistan and Sindh would not benefit much from the Kalabagh project; instead they would suffer from even more water shortages. Baluchistan is not directly affected by the building of Kalabagh dam. However, the Sardarà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s of Baluchistan often says that the construction of Kalabagh dam is a way in which the province Punjab will rule over other small provinces. And because of these conflicts and disputes, the project is still not been finalized. The opposition groups, who are against the construction of Kalabagh dam, often say that this project will have very adverse impacts on the environment. Secondly, the construction site which is currently home for thousands and millions of people will become no more available for them. If we have to highlight the major cause of not building the dam, we can with no doubt blame the lack of trust between the Punjab government and the other three provinces. The other three provinces have this hatred for Punjab and this could be a result of over intervention of the Pakistan army, which comprises majority of Punjabis and Pathan, all over Pakistan, especially Sindh. Another reason for the hatred can be the ethno-nationalists that give rise to the anti-Punjabi sentiment amongst the public. If the Kalabagh dam project is constructed, then it would be able to have a live storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). This amount would make extensive contribution to boost the irrigation supplies. It will not only enhance the food irrigation for the new projects; but it will also increase the additional allotment decided by the provinces under the water apportionment accord (WAA) of 1991. Another major advantage of building kalabagh dam is that it will increase a huge amount of cheap hydropower to the national grid through its 2,400 mw (ultimate 3,600 mw) installed power. Building Kalabagh dam will also replace the storage previously lost by sedimentation in present reservoirs at Mangla, Chashma and Tarbela. The dam will provide further storage which can be helpful in achieving the present water shortages faced during early Kharif, i.e. the sowing period of April-June. It will also provide efficient directive of Indus River in order to meet the additional Kharif allocations of the provinces under Waa, 1991. Once the dam will be constructed, it will regulate and control the high flood rise in Indus; and will enable provision of tube well irrigations to the river rain area in the south. Lastly, talking about the advantages, while the construction process, 30,000 people will be employed during the construction and a large number of people will get jobs after the construction, as maintenance and operators. Thus, boosting Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s GDP and moving Pakistan towards economic growth. If the dam is not constructed, than Pakistan will have to face even more severe crisis of high fuel prices. As the yearly energy generated at Kalabagh, if the dam is build would be equal to 20 million barrels of oil. If Pakistan imports this amount of fuel for thermal generation, than it would be additional burden on the economy. The federal government has taken some measures in order to overcome the load-shedding Pakistan is currently facing. And in order to do this, the government has signed agreement with international private sector of installing over 3,000 mw of thermal power over the next 4 years. This might help in overcoming the load-shedding. However, the power cost will increase drastically. As these private electricity companies are very expensive electricity producers. So, Kalabagh hydropower dam would be very cheap in comparison to keep the cost of electricity within affordability of the nation of Pakistan. Literature review The issue of Kalabagh is an immense issue which has resulted in conflicts and arguments between all the provinces of Pakistan. Some of the arguments against the building of the dam include negative environmental and social impacts. The Kalabagh dam has to face extensive examination and checking from the world dam commission. So, it is likely that these checks might slow down the construction of the Kalabagh dam. The oppositions to the dam often blame the low trustworthiness of government and its agencies, which includes both federal and provincial government for creating an information gap between the original debate of the Kalabagh dam and the discussions which are done by other parties on this issue. The parties in favor of the dam often argue that the construction of Kalabagh dam will help in meeting the urgent needs of cheap energy and cheap food supply for the speedily growing population. The government of Punjab is trying to construct a dam on a very large scale. This is done in order to generate 3,600 mw electric power, and store 6.1 MAF water. On the other hand, if this dam is constructed, it will have many adverse effects. The loss caused by constructing this dam will be loss of 182,000 acres of productive land. Other than this many people will be displaced from their homes. There is a whole set of reasons that goes against the building of the Kalabagh dam. The first reason is the absence of good governance. The project of Kalabagh dam has mostly faced a lack of governance. The people who are the decision makers of the whole project have to also deal with the society and their concerns. Due to the side effects that Kalabagh dam would have an alternative plan called the Tarbela action plan has been proposed. This plan is made through the sediment flow simulations made by the computers. The two purposes that these simulations have are, to see if flushing is feasible for estimating storage capacity in the long run and to analyze reservoirs and predict future sedimentation. On the results of the above simulation three components have been proposed which should be done in order to build the dam. These include reservoir operating strategy, underwater dike and flushing bypass. Reservoir operating strategy works in the way that first the reservoir should be reached at a minimum level and then gradually growing it each year by a small amount. This would ensure the tunnel security until the underwater dike is made. A rock file dike underwater should be made to prevent sediment to overwhelm. Then a bypass would have to be made at a low level with a high capacity in order to be able to flush the sediment. If the plan is implemented this way it would make the storage sustainable. The loss that would be occurred would be more or less what the Kalabagh dam would be designed to take. As is the Kalabagh dam have many issues. The crop yield increasing that has been projected is only in the case when water logging and salinity is put out of the consideration. Hydel energy is really expensive which adds to the environmental costs. Many ecosystems that live in the mangrove forests and are relying on the Indus River would be degraded. Many opposition parties often ignore all these valuable blessings of building Kalabagh dam and still oppose to the building of the dam. Some of the reasons for this opposition are that there is no evidence given to the opposing parties about the costs of hydro power as compared to other sources which provide energy. Other than this, there is a deficiency of organized assessment of the cost of Kalabagh water and the costs of substitute ways of increasing deliverance of water used in the irrigation system and at the same time dropping the wastage in the use of irrigation used water.( Kalabagh dam: an ecological disaster by Abrar Kazi) The adverse impacts of the Kalabagh dam which much opposition argue are, that, it is not yet clear that whether the water flowing from the Indus is enough for filling up the dam in next few years. Another argument is that, the water flowing below Kotri, if it is reduced, than it will affect the people who are very much dependant on this water flowing from underneath Kotri and then utilizes this water on agriculture and fisheries in the coastal Sindh. It will ruin the lives of many people living in the coastal Sindh. The situation becomes more alarming when WAPDA avoid this sort of statistics and rejects to undertake comprehensive and credible studies on this matter. The federal government in response says that, every year, 35maf water goes wasted into the sea, downstream of Kotri. However this wasted water can be used to bring a huge amount of new land used for cultivation and can be used to produce more food. In response to the siltation of land, the federal government says that more dams can help in replacing the lost storage of existing dams. As otherwise we are actually losing the existing storage due to siltation of previous reservoirs. The WAPDA figures in 1987 showed that there was a system loss of an average of 10 MAF in the post Mangla period. However, these figures were doubted, as once the Tarbela dam was built, it was seen that the river regime conditions worsened in 1977. The average yearly system losses in post Tarbela era (1976-94) increased to 14.7 maf as in opposition to 6.2 MAF in the post Mangla pre-Tarbela period (1967-76), showing an increase of 8.5 MAF. Another problem is that, in the Indus basin there is high levels of water logging and salinity, and if the irrigation supplied are to be increased it will just add more to the water logging and salinity to an alarming level in the Indus basin which could be very dangerous. Organizations which drain out the water, such as, national drainage program will take a long time period in reducing the water level from the basins to the sea, and even then, there is a huge probability that it will create a lot of problems and will take a lot of time, as there is no other alternative way of draining the runoff into the sea. The other issues are the financial issues related with the building of Kalabagh dam. There is a very tiny possibility of our government in getting financial aid from international organizations. Most probably the dam will only increases are countries debts. However, if private infrastructure funds are attracted to finance the Kalabagh dam at a high return rate, it is uncertain that the project will still stay fiscally and cost-effectively feasible. Meetings of the council of common interests will remain a poor substitute for responsible and responsive governance. There is an urgent need for the multi ethnic general public involvement on these vital issues of both ethical and officially authorized civil rights to once own life and livelihood that enclose claims to water. Simply in identifying this issue we can sincerely initiate effort towards forging a nationwide agreement on whether or not to construct Kalabagh, rather than by holding conferences amongst councils, who decide on these serious issues. The benefits of Kalabagh dam are considerable. Kalabagh dam will replace the loss of storage in the Tarbela and Mangla moreover it will increase the total quantity of stored water facilitating further and well-timed discharge for irrigation use in order to boost the food grain production. (Kalabagh: need for informed debate by Aly Ercelawn Omar Asghar Khan) Discussion Kalabagh dam is protect that would bring about many changes and many of those changes would be very hard, costly and destructive to cope. Kalabagh dam project is based on many assumptions that are either not true or are just one side of the story. I believe that Kalabagh dam does indeed have some significantly important points to support itself in the construction of it such as the electricity generation and increased food supply through growth in irrigation. However at the same time i believe that Kalabagh dam should not be built when looking at the adverse affects that it would have on the economy. Kalabagh dam is thought to be only useful or living for 22-30 years this means that the cost of making it would not be fully recovered and the replacement of the dam by a new project after its useful life would be again a major expense and hassle. Many other affects of the Kalabagh dam could not be left without putting a great deal of thought into it. The project would affect lots of peo ple and land. Through the Kalabagh dam lots of farmland would be lost and hence the food production would also go down. This would ultimately affect the GDP of Pakistan and cause a national decline. Many people who live in those areas where the dam has to be built would have to be re-homed to new places which is very expensive and could mean that the whole project could be useless in regards the cost. Not only would the government have to re home the people who would be left homeless but also many of the roadways such as the Attock-Talang roadway and railway service would have to be planned all over again. The Sui gas line in the north would also be affected and the re-construction of that would be very costly as well. Moving on, however much costly the problems mentioned above are they can still be tackled with nonetheless. Many of the issues are much more serious and would have an impact on our environment and society for much long-lasting or even indefinite time. One such issue w ould be the lost of the forest. The mangrove forests that would be effected would cost Pakistan the loss of massive wildlife and would cause many diseases through disruptions in the in the food chain. For a healthy atmosphere we need forests and the wildlife that its caters, if the forests are affected not only do humans suffer through the loss of food chains and loss of trees which are useful for production in many finished goods but also the changes in percentages of gasses in the atmosphere would be very harmful for the human life. Even if these issues could be catered for and the Kalabagh dam could maintain its costs through its benefits it would be a project that could be given a thought. However, the physical properties and uses of the dam have also failed to produce a truly glorious picture. Kalabagh dam has been projected to produce 43.5 MAF electricity according to WAPDA however, initially WAPDA itself announced a figure of 23.5 MAF on the basis of the past 60 years of reco rds, when they realized that this figure was too small they gave a new higher figure and claimed it to be on the basis of the last 22 years. This clearly shows that the figures provided by the government and WAPDA are not very reliable. In the case of the Tarbela dam governments had also produced wrong figures that proved to be wrong and disastrous for the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. Sindh and Baluchistan believe that they would have to suffer from water shortages and the Punjab would get the benefit. Kalabagh dam would also cause water logging by putting backpressure on the river Kabul. River Indus would also be polluted and the existing problem of water shortage would just be increased by the Kalabagh project. Studies have also showed that if worked to their full capacities, the existing dams are enough for the production of the electricity need of Pakistan. Kalabagh dam would only cause more frustration and decline in the growth of Pakistanà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s economy and would hamper the production of energy instead of increasing it. The dispute from the three provinces would lead to a national dispute and would mean a conflict at both the level of society as well as the parliament. All the benefits of the Kalabagh dam that the supporters of it have put forward have never been reliable enough and face criticisms and face valid problems. These problems in my opinion must be first overcome through other minor projects, which are safer, and if it is still necessary then the Kalabagh project should be given a thought. Other minor projects include ghazi Barotha and Bhasha dams. Conclusion To conclude i would like to say that Kalabagh dam does have many good points as stated in the literature review such as the eradication of energy crisis and the increase in the irrigation increasing the supply of food. However the costs and the affects of this project are quite massive and could result in increasing the problems instead of solving it. The adverse affects of the Kalabagh dam are very massive and must be given a very careful review before any decision is made. Kalabagh dam has many negative points to it and there are very little reliable solutions to those problems that have been given. In the light of the current situation the decision to not allow the construction of the Kalabagh dam is the correct decision and until any better proposal or solutions to the problems mentioned above are not found permitting the construction of Kalabagh dam would most likely turn out to be a disaster. To overcome the current energy crisis of Pakistan, there should be an attempt to stric tly supervise the production of energy that is present from the existing plants and these should produce at their best capacity. This might reflect that many of the studies that have shown that with the existing plants producing energy at their best in Pakistan the energy crisis could be solved altogether might be true. This strategy might eradicate the whole need for the Kalabagh or a new dam or a plant to produce energy at the first place. If the problem still persists and proves the analogy of existing plants being able to meet the energy demand of Pakistan wrong then other small projects should be tried first which would not have so much of the adverse affects related to them such as the Bhasha dam and the ghazi Barotha dam project. These small projects are thought to be much more effective as they have little impact on the society and still can produce higher energy, however these dams also have environmental and humanly costs related to them and therefore should be avoided as much as possible.

Dreams Can Come True :: essays research papers

Dreams Can Come True â€Å"I think my passion for [flying] started when I was in high school†, Gary Chambers told me as I sat down in his beautiful home in the hills of Serrano, a very upscale, gated community in El Dorado Hills, California. He was wearing a tropical shirt and bahama shorts with a pair of Teva sandals on his feet. He offered me a soda and then sat down across from me. We were sitting in matching black leather love seats with a tan and gray granite coffee table separating us. Despite the fact that he agreed to the interview and seemed eager to talk to me, he seemed uncomfortable during our conversation. He indicated to me that he wanted to get started right away. I was given the impression that he was a guy that did not like to waste time, but instead liked to get right down to business. I started asking him questions and I could see his eyes light up as he was talking about his zeal towards flying. He was like a burst dam flooding me with the story of his life and how he became hi s dream. He was just your typical high school kid until he decided to take Air Force ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps). Springing out of bed each day, showering and dressing as quickly as possible, he rushed out of the door, saying goodbye to his parents and hurried his way to school. The journey to school was not as bad for him as it was for other kids because he resided right down the street. He was not anxious to get to school, but eager to go to his Air Force ROTC class. Although he did not love the Air Force, his passion for flying was what motivated him to come to school early everyday and talk to the Colonel that was teaching the class. He was a dry sponge and he wanted to soak up all the flying knowledge that the Colonel had. Gary continued to probe the Colonel for erudition until he graduated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he finished high school, Gary moved on to college. He chose to matriculate at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago where he received his Batchelor’s Degree in civil engineering. The Air Force, he was hoping, would be able to give him the career he desired. Disappointingly, the position that Gary wanted was not available at that time through the Air Force.

White Attitudes Towards Nature Essay -- Racial Relations, Indian, Whit

In Luther Standing Bear’s â€Å"Nature† and Louis Owens’s â€Å"The American Indian Wilderness†, the authors dictate differences in Indian and white relationships with nature. They stress how Indians see nature, their balanced relationship with it, and how Indians know wilderness is just a European idea. Though agreeing here, Standing Bear focuses on how Indians truly lived while Owens reveals more of both sides and has hope that white views can shift. Standing Bear thinks the difference in how whites and Indians see nature stems from childhood. He believes Indian children are aware of nature because they have been taught to â€Å"become conscious of life† and spend time observing the wild around them (9). By seeing the world this way, their love and respect for it flourishes (10). He says this appreciation sharply contrasts to ignorant whites who thoughtlessly play as children, ignoring everything but each other, and grow up disregarding the knowledge nature gives, seeing only what they can use. He thinks whites are bored with nature because they do not have the â€Å"Indian point of view† (11). The distance whites have from nature harms their relationship with it and humans, making them less compassionate when they do not see â€Å"man’s heart, away from nature, becomes hard† (Standing Bear 12). Similarly, Owens says whites see nature differently because of childhood experiences. Instead of growing up daily in nature, white children sporadically go camping, and thus view nature as a tourist attraction instead of a second home. He states Indians embrace nature because it has a stronger family significance to them that whites do not see. Indians call the Cascades the â€Å"Great Mother† because of stories they have heard growing up, and things like this ca... ...s have led him to think whites will never change and that the two races â€Å"[can] not understand each other† (12). On the other hand, Owens has hope for whites because he did not grow up with Indian traditions and he witnessed the U.S. Forest Service protecting nature when he was sent to burn the shed. (11). Indians comprehend and value nature more than whites and these authors recognize that. They believe the trouble with white attitudes is they do not truly see nature or form harmonious relationships, and whites think they can be separated from their idea of wilderness. Although Standing Bear is critical of whites and believes they will never change, Owens thinks they will if they continue to redefine how they view nature and try to connect with it. Overall, both authors want whites to respect the Indian way of living with nature and aspire to be that way also.

Perceived Aspects Required in an Ideal System of Education

An ideal system of education requires distinct characteristics. Our education system today is not quite perfect. All education institutions share a common goal. The goal is for all the students to gain knowledge that they didn't have before in order to compete in the real world. Morowitz wrote that many people believe â€Å"education is a method of transferring knowledge from master to pupil. The majority of people believe this is â€Å"obtaining education. † There is more to the concept that â€Å"students are depositories† and the â€Å"teachers are the depositor. ( Paule Friere ) The success of the students are directly connected to the environment he is surrounded. A perfect education system has to start with a comfortable environment. The teacher also has to be knowledgeable and not believe in the myth that â€Å"teachers justifies their own existence through their students ignorance absolute. â€Å"(Paule Friere) A perfect institution of education should be able to accommodate cultural change, diversity, have a strict curriculum with alternative teaching strategies, and promotes interaction among their peers. In 1998, a television program called â€Å"60 Minutes†, aired a special investigation of the United States educational system when compared to the educational system of China and Germany. The results of this investigation surprised many citizens of the U. S. , including myself. According to 60 minutes, the United States system of education is failing tremendously when compared to other to Germany and China. They found a direct connection between the failure of U. S. students and the teaching methods the U. S. imposes on them. Also, the success of the student†s of China and Germany shared a similar philosophy. China and Germany greatly promotes â€Å"interaction† between the students at a very young age. In America, the students are more interested in individual success. American students learn to become a distinct â€Å"individual†. These students†s believe that this â€Å"individuality† is what defines them. Everyone is constantly competing against one another, trying to create an identity for themselves. A junior in high school may think that working at â€Å"Mcdonald†s† makes him a â€Å"MAN†; while in China and Germany, their students are probably training for a better job in the future. Very few American students are being introduced to â€Å"group work† and the concept of â€Å"interaction† among their classmates. They don†t realize the strong bonding that occurs when people share and discuss ideas because the United States doesn†t realize it either. Inversely, in Germany and China, the concept of group work is greatly stressed. They believe it leads to a much greater benefit. As 60 minutes investigated, they found out that students in Germany and China have higher test scores than American students, there are less crimes, and the percentage of unemployment is extremely small. These students learn at a very young age to get along with one another, to share ideas, and to resolve their conflicts in a non-violent fashion. The broader view of Germany and China is that interaction among students at an early age, promotes a more civil society in the picture. While America is more interested in individuality, China and Germany are investing in the future with the concept of â€Å"group work†. China and Germany†s outlook on the future with the promotion of â€Å"teamwork† is why their educational system is so successful when compared to America†s educational system. In a perfect educational system, interaction among students will greatly be encouraged. Teachers are a very important element in successfully transferring knowledge from the teacher to the pupil. In this institution, teachers are not allowed to believe that they are superior to the students. When this occurs, and the inequality sets in, the student will be hesitant to ask questions about subjects they don't understand. When a student does this, he is unintentionally hurting himself. He will not have gain and understand the true meaning of what is being taught by the teacher because he is more focused on the educational gap between the student and teacher. The student needs to able to question everything that is being taught. By using the Socratic method, students will understand topics rather than believing what other people are saying. There needs to be a respectful relationship between the student and teacher. The student respects the teacher and the teacher respects the student equally. This relationship between student and teacher is very important journey of obtaining knowledge. There should be no other kinds of relationship. The only acceptable form is through the connection that they both share as being teacher and being student. Next, the teacher need to responsible for the materials they are covering. They need to be fluent or else the student will have doubts about the material and ultimately the teacher. The more secure the teacher is with his material the more the student will trust the material and the teacher. If a teacher is not confident and prepared, there will be doubts that will be raised in the minds of the student. More importantly, the teacher will need to care about the student and guide them towards their goal. In â€Å"A Cub-Pilot†s Experience,† by Mark Twain, Mr. Bixby, the instructor is determined to teach Twain how to pilot a steamboat through the river. Bixby does not use force but instead lets Twain gradually realize that he is learning. All Bixby does is guide Twain but he lets Twain makes his own mistakes and learn from it. Like Bixby, all teachers need to know when to step aside so that the student can make progress and help the student up when he fails. The most beneficial qualities of an excellent teacher are the ability to care for the student and the encouragement teachers provide for the students. Teachers are just an extension of parents; caring and encouragement are two characteristics of parents. The next important element in a perfect educational institution, is the curriculum. There needs to be a flexible curriculum that accommodates all the different intellectual abilities of all the students. Not all the students will have the same learning capabilities. Some students may have a learning disability and others may be genuinely intelligent. The curriculum is strict but still is flexible enough to accommodate each individual student. The actual courses need to be comprehensive. The subjects being studied needs to be updated constantly by the teachers. A perfect institution will have all area of studies accessible to the students. Any particular major or subject will be left to the students to decide. When they do decide what they want to study, there will be the necessary courses to cover that major. In order for a student to pass a course, he needs to be able to teach the information he learned in that course. This teaching method is very important. If a student is able to teach something then that student truly understands it. This method of testing the knowledge of the student should be the final examination for every course. This method is more valid than the constant â€Å"question and answer† method being used today, which promotes temporarily memorization. The next ingredient in a perfect institution is the actual environment itself. Many people are influenced by their surrounding. An intellectual community needs to look like an intellectual community. It will be located in an area, which is safe. The students need to feel comfortable. A comfortable learning environment leads to the success of the students. There should be no distractions that will keep the student from learning. In addition, the institution needs to be culturally diverse. All different nationalities will be accepted. There will no forms of discrimination. An Asian person is equal in every respect to Caucasian. On the basis of acceptance to this institution, a student†s character and ambition are the most important qualities. Grades will not be extremely important as it is now. With all of these characteristics, the student†s should be able to concentrate on obtaining their education. Though the task of creating and maintaining a perfect institution is a difficult task, it can be created. People need to come together with this structure and guideline in mind. The educated ones need to continue to educate others. In Plato†s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† Plato wrote that people who see the light and understand the true meaning of something, do not want to associate themselves with the uneducated ones. This will not happen in a perfect institution. Plato also wrote, â€Å"A well governed city becomes a possibility only if you can discover a better way of life for your future rulers than holding office. † (page 83) This realization is extremely important to future students. Educated people need to think of the future and society as a whole. They need to help educate others, just as others, educated them. If all of these characteristics are met in an institution, then that institution can be labeled, â€Å"perfect. â€Å"

Multiculturalism in Leicester

Out of all the cities in the UK Leicester is the most culturally diverse and it's not ashamed to let it be known. It aims to support this mix of races into the area and much thought has been put into aiding the acceptance of immigrants into the city so they can mix with the white community and create an Asian mix. From the major start of immigration in the 1970's it is now thought that Leicester has greater diversity in three blocks than anywhere else in Europe. There is not just a mix of race but also of religion and specific religious groups tend to be drawn to each other. Muslims concentrate in the Spiney hill and Stoneygate areas, and Hindu's are mainly in Latimer, Belgrave and Rushy Mead, these religions stay very close knit whereas the Sikhs are spread across the whole city. This could be seen as segregation for the Muslims and Hindu's but infact outside of these concentrations they are present in large numbers throughout the city apart from Eyres Monsell where there are few immigrant populations. The local government instead of becoming intolerant of the immigrant influx have defined the mix of races and religion in the city as one of their defining features. They believe the multiculturalism widens the experience of living introducing new arts, music, architecture, fashion and food and therefore aim to support the community relations. Throughout the city religious places of worship have been built to help accommodate the new comers. Leicester plays a huge role in accommodating refugees and asylum seekers who come to the UK following persecution in other countries. The city also hosts many of the religious and foreign festivals such as Mardi Gras and Caribbean Carnival. After the problems in the past of certain individuals and communities suffering from abuse Leicester tries to make it clear how all minorities have things to contribute to the society. This has helped people mix much easier and continues to get closer to Leicester's aim of a healthy and diverse city. It has been thought the whole of the UK was ‘sleepwalking into segregation' whilst cities who were thought to be culturally diverse are instead becoming ghettos. Much of the data on the mix of races in Leicester and other cities is found through the census however this does not tell the whole story about the immigrants. In Leicester Asian immigration is much higher than African immigration. An important thing to take into account is that the majority of the people migrating to Leicester are double migrants having already migrated somewhere once before moving to the UK. This has helped them mix in much easier as they have already faced the same difficulties before and have experience dealing with the issues faced. An example of this is Asian families migrating to Africa, and then government oppression causing them to move to the UK. Many of the family leaders are business men or professionals however their qualifications count for nothing in this country and they have had to start businesses from scratch to make use of their skills and bring an income to the household. The Leicester Asian Business Association helps to create a platform for new Asian businesses and gives a place to raise concern and discuss support. The workforce employed by these asian business men is just as mixed as Leicester itself. Companies also offer no difference to service for different races instead treating them all equally. One of the main reasons that segregation usually occurs is that immigrants want a place close to their building of worship. This meant that when they moved to new cities they would have to move in with their own group of people so that they are near the facilities that they often want. To help spread the cultures Leicester brought in these places of worship across the city. Immigrants also want a sense of equal opportunity and although there was much intolerance to their mixing there were also groups of white people who wanted to offer them opportunities to fit in. One such example is that planning departments grant permission much easier to build their places of worship. Leaflets were also given to new arrivals in their native language to help them settle. Whereas the migrants have to adapt to their new circumstances the current population also has to relate to their presence. To help the bonds with these new migrant Leicester started letting candidates come forward from the minority communities for electoral positions. By 2002 Half of the Labour group had councillors from minority groups. A race relations committee was also made of which the leader was a Ugandan refugee. So as shown the mix of races in Leicester is huge and segregation is kept to a minimum. But perhaps most importantly and impressively the minorities have people representing them in government positions which is vital to their integration into the city. Without this representation and involvement in decisions and plans which will affect them mixing would be impossible and the immigrants would be forced into their own communities in which they would leave parallel lives. This is perhaps the key foundation that is needed for multiculturalism and some places like London should take hints from Leicester to make their own multiculturalism succeed.

Non-Profit Marketing- Problems and Future Challenges

Marketing is being blamed for creating materialism in society and also for creating unnecessary demand for Products and Services, which the customer would not have asked for. It is because of marketing that the suppressed desires of the materialistic world take over the moral man and loads into being a hedonist.But people also feel that marketing is responsible for what has happened to the world over the years and what will happen in the future. People belonging to their school of thought are of the opinion that marketing creates surplus in the form of profit and profit making organization in turn, spend their returns on designing and development product and services, which enhanced the standard of living of people and deliver desired value to consumers.The latter school is guided by Adam Smith’s principles of ‘Invisible Hand: Both the schools of thought try to rationalize the existence of marketing as an economic process, either to create and distribute value or to deli ver value to consumers. The scope of business was confined to economic transactions between the producer and marketers. Though each of them part of the social Institutions and operated under social framework and structure, it was realized very late that marketing can also be used to address social issues.In a traditional sense, marketing is broadly defined as process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of Ideas products and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. A broader definition of marketing delved into the process of social exchange in which both producers and marketers looked into the effects of product conception development, design, distribution and delivery of products from social point of view.Marketers also started viewing marketing tools and strategy as vehicles for application in the context of non-business enterprises like government, public sector and charities. Here onwards marketing wa s looked as a change vehicle and potent weapon for bringing desired effects on responsible corporate social behavior use of marketing tools in the social context started in the middle of the last century when organization with and without profit motives started mass campaigns for a cause or an idea.A successful social information campaign should have a high level of monopoly so that there should not be any contradicting messages to the objective of the campaign. However, many of the social campaigns in a free society have complementary or alternate campaign, which do not allow them to have certain level of monopoly. Let us take an example of an anti-smoking campaign. Though the message, â€Å"smoking causes cancer† is evident everywhere and firms marketing tobacco-related products mention this line over their products, but there are campaigns on cigarettes and liquor that promote lifestyle patterns.Mass and information-oriented campaigns depend on the favorable public attitud e. Pre-existing attitudes are easier to reinforce than to change. Non – Business Marketing The Non- business Marketing involves marketing activities carried out by individuals and organizations to achieves some goals other than normal business goals explained in the form of returns on investments, growth or increase in the profit. We can classify non –business marketing as social marketing and non – profit marketing Types of Non-Business Marketing Social Marketing Concept for Non-Profit Organization [NPO]Non-profit organizations work the motto of sub serving social interests. They may or may not charge for the services offered. The defined principal of social marketing makes it essential that the organizations where the conceptualization process is to switch on place social interests at the top of the agenda. The policy and strategic decisions of non-profit organizations while conceptualizing marketing focuses on satisfaction of consumers irrespective of the fac t that they pay for the services offered or are offered free of cost services .Social marketing is an activity of the non-profit organization. We find social marketing employing the use of the marketing concept in an effort to persuade consumers to accept social ideas beneficial to society at large. These organizations vary from the trade and professional associations to community, national and international organizations. We find non-profit organization dealing with two basic market segments – Donors and Clients. They subscribe to the objectives that cannot be measured in financial terms. They are concerned with the people, places and ideas as well as product and services.The donors may or may not necessarily receive any products to note services in exchange for donations/contributions. It is also significant that non-profit organizations offer products/services to those in need and even may not be able to absorb the cost of the product/services. For example the services off ered by an educational and health institutions occupy a place of outstanding significance and it is against this background that citizens of a country have a right users of services can’t be uniform and therefore they are supposed to work with the motto of serving the society without making profit.Because we find these services , of late , depending upon the supporting infrastructural facilities known as inputs, these service institutions engaged in offering the aid have a to generate surpluses so that the expansion, development, modernization programmes are practiced to activate the process of qualitative –cum- quantitative transformation. It is in this context that we find these institutions working as a non-profit organization. More over we can’t neglect the instrumentally of health services for the survival and growth of human beings.The basic medical aid is considered to be a fundamental right of all citizens of the country. It is but natural that all segme nts of society are not in a position to afford the medical services if we find hospitals making profits. Of course, they need time honored development which requires infrastructural support. In other hand it is responsibility of non-profit organizations and the governments create awareness on blind beliefs, safe sex, cotangential diseases and social evils. Social organizations bear the responsibility of regulating the government policies, these institutions are come forward and safeguard the social interest.They are extended multi-dimensional support through different categories of organizations for that very purpose. If they start making profits, the social interests would not be protected. Thus, we find Social Welfare Organizations is working as a Non-Profit Organizations because they don’t have a legitimate right to make profit. Non- Profit Organizations- Marketing [NPO-Marketing] We are well aware of instrumentality of non-profit organizations in sub serving social intere sts. This draws our attention on the professional excellence of people managing such organization.Because we find marketing a managerial process, it is essential that professional managing the affairs is made aware of the positive contribution of nonprofit organizations and develop marketing resources in the face of evolving changes. The formulation of a sound marketing mix becomes significant when we think of conceptualizing and implementing modern marketing principles in non-profit organizations. A professionally sound manager bears the efficiency of developing marketing resources in tune with the changing levels of expectations and therefore the task of satisfying the users become easier.We also find marketing a social process to be more specific while managing the non-profit organizations. It is right to mention that social marketing governs marketing of non-profit organizations because policy decision makers are supposed to formulate such a policy as to safeguard social interes ts. The professionals responsible for conceptualization and implementation bear the responsibility of formulating a strategy opening new vistas for social transformation.The marketers, while promoting the interests of users, need to make sure that directly or indirectly, the policies or strategies are not to obstruct the process of social welfare. Of course they also need to protect organizational interests because we can’t think of raising the contributions of non-profit organization to the process of social transformation unless they are financially sound. So, it is essential that marketers managing the affairs are well aware of the avenues for the mobilization of financial resources.EXISTANCE PROBLEMS BEFORE NON-PROFIT SECTOR A majority of the non-profit organizations are today facing image problems of high magnitude. They are facing the problem of professional deficiency. Financial crunch has made them potentially insolvent. The infrastructural constraints, managerial def iciency, lack of dedicated and committed people, decreasing contributions towards social transformation, increasing domination of social climbers, increasing insensitivity among different segments of society, large scale misuse of funds have fuelled the process of egeneration and the situations are found explosive. We find different types of non-profit organizations, viz. , organizations such as Religious, Social Cultural, Knowledge, Protective, and Philanthropic, Political and Social today facing critical problems, not only in India but also in the globe. While we realize the outstanding contributions of non-profit organizations in the welfare activities, we find them in poor condition. The management legends feel that whatever problems we notice can be resolved if professionals take part in the innovation process.They strongly advocate in favors of developing the non-business sector with the help of world-class professionals. As of today, the multi-faceted challenges have made the m potentially weak. 1. Problem of Professional Deficiency Professional excellence will help in bringing the derailed systems back on its track. Of late most of the non-profit organizations face the problem of managerial deficiency. Financial resources are inadequate and whatever is generated is being mismanaged and misused. The traditionally managed units are facing strategically and tactical problems.They are controlled and dominated by social climbers. Bureaucrats dominate the management and control processes with ulterior motives and mission. Virtually a majority of them are at a collapsing stage needing a special care of the professionals. The world class professionals may contribute significantly to the development processes and the non-profit organizations may witness qualitative improvements. 2. Infrastructural constraints The non-profit organizations have been facing the problem of infrastructural constraints. Since they are not making profits, the infrastructural facilities are minimal.The government or infrastructural industries do not extend to them adequate support. Of late, infrastructural facilities have been playing a lead role in improving the quality of services but due to inadequacy of infrastructure, they find it difficult to generate funds. This naturally has adversely affected the quality of their services and aggravating the image problem. They are unable to offer even key core services. 3. Lack of dedicated and committed people A majority of the non-profit organizations are facing the problem of nadequacy of quality people when they are not professionally sound, how we can expect from them personal commitment and value orientation. The development is a natural phenomenon. Education and training facilities should be of world class otherwise there can be no question of making available to the various sectors quality people without which all out efforts prove to be the effective. An organization dominated by non-performers can’t surv ive. The NPOs, of course, do not realize the instrumentality of quality people in the process of qualitative or quantitative transformation. 4.Increasing domination of social climbers It is unfortunate that social climbers are dominating the management and control of a majority of the non-profit organizations. If professionals replace social climbers the present and future of an organization can be positive. Degeneration in the working of political organizations has led to this sorry state. The mafias, antisocial elements, criminals have started handling the political organizations who are responsible for formulating sound policies. The policy and strategic decisions made by the anti-social elements have thrown the organizations in the reverse gear.Political parties, non-government organizations, trade unions, educational institutions and the police department have failed in the discharge of their duties since they are dominated by the vested interests like social climbers and mafia s. 5. Increasing insensitivity among masses The most significant reason aggravating the magnitude of the problem is increasing in sensitivity among different segments of the society. Nobody considers it significant to perceive the problems correctly. All of us find it difficult to confront the mafias and anti-social elements. So, they are dominating a majority of the organizations.How we can forecast the future of non-profit organizations. Non-profit organization can contribute substantially to the process of social welfare, if masses are sensitive to the issues as otherwise all the development processes will receive only Luke-warm or even negative response. Mass-participation is an effective prescription to resolve the problems of the society. 6. Large-scale misuse of funds Willingly or unwillingly, we have to accept that a majority of the non-profit organizations are involved in promoting misuse of funds. This is because they are dominated by the social climbers.Fraudulent and unf air practices, unregulated, unproductive expenses are aggravating the problem of financial crunch which is instrumental in the formation of a vicious circle. Since they misuse funds, the donors and potential donors are reluctant to come forward with donations. The mobilization of donors is now complicated and the most important reason is the rampant misuse of funds by the Non-profit Organizations. 7. Decreasing contributions to the society A number of non-profit organizations have not made any significant contributions to the development process.The task of social transformation is their responsibility but they are not to increase their contributions. This has made it difficult for them to get public recognition. Contribution of an individual or an organization is closely related to their potentials and if they are potentially bankrupt, we cannot expect anything concrete from them. This problem indicates that the non-profit or non-business sector is facing numerous problems. We find different types of NPOs and in the Indian context by and large most of them are sailing in the same boat.In the coming years, the magnitude of problem is likely to aggregate because nobody seems interested in resolving the issues. The non-profit organizations thus need an effective prescription, based on a big push theory, in which aggressive marketing practices can be effective. Since it is a social problem, social participation is a must. Mass-participation for mass-welfare will be helpful in different ways. FUTURE CHLENGES OF NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS [NPOs] IN INDIA NPOs are facing several problems and this delays their redressed are and even there is no bright future.In the Indian context where the people are depending on the contributions of non-profit organizations, rational solutions alone can improve their functioning. Against this background, the non-profit organizations should resort to innovative marketing practices. If we look into some of the important non-profit organ izations, their performance results are very disappointing. ?Non-Government Organizations [NGOs] What Do Non-governmental Organizations Do? Nongovernmental organizations are one group of players who are active in the efforts of international development and increasing the welfare of poor people in poor countries.Nongovernmental organizations are largely staffed by altruistic employees and volunteers working towards ideological, rather than financial, ends. Their founders are often intense, creative individuals who sometimes come up with a new product to deliver or a better way to deliver existing goods and services. They are funded by donors, many of them poor or anonymous. Yet these attributes should not be unfamiliar to economists. Development NGOs, like domestic nonprofits, can be understood in the framework of not-for-profit contracting.It is easy to conjure up a glowing vision of how the efforts of NGOs could focus on problem solving without getting bogged down in corruption or bureaucracy. But the strengths of the NGO model have some corresponding weaknesses—in agenda setting, decision making, and resource allocation. We highlight three factors in explaining the increased presence of NGOs in the last few decades: a trend towards more outsourcing of government services; new ventures by would-be not-for-profit â€Å"entrepreneurs†; and the increasing professionalization of existing NGOs.The prime responsibility of a government is to promote social welfare so that weaker segment and neglected region of the country get an opportunity to develop; but in the large and high populated courtiers it is not possible to the government to look after all the sections of the society and the government endorsed some of the welfare programes to the trusted and registered NGOs. In India, we observed that the large numbers of NGOs are involving different type’s welfare programmes in different areas in the country.The objective of any mission is to prom ote social interests by offering a number of services to various segments of society in the country. In this process, they get financial aid and other incentives from government, foreign donors, international and national agencies. Of late, there is negative trend since a majority of the NGOs work with different motives. The domination of social climbers in according and approving grants has virtually changed the scenario. A good number of international and national NGOs i. e.UNDP, CARE-India, World Vision, Action Aid, Plan International, YMCA, CHAI, States Lively Hood Projects, RASS-Tirupathi, ARTIC-Srikakulam, THREAD-Orissa, BASIX-Hyderabad, Ajim Preamjee Foundation and BCT-Visakhapatnam only exist on papers. With the support of political leaders and bureaucrats, they succeed in transforming even the profit-making bodies in the NGOs. The recent report of CAPART bears testimony to this almost all the states, the NGOs have proved to be liability because except a very few cases, almo st all of them are engaged in maturing malpractices.The unfair practices promoted by the social climbers and a few the bureaucrats lead to unhealthy development. The sanction and approval of the projects are seldom based on the potentials of persons to promote and manage the project but on the pressure and influence they can wield. No one is opposed to the development of NGOs since this help the downtrodden communities, women & Child, HIV/AIDS and neglected regions; but the unfair practices should be eliminated. Against this background, there are cases in favor of conceptualizing social marketing by the NGOs.The NGOs have no legal right to make profits. Therefore, the professionals, with innovative marketing practices, should try to improve their working conditions so that they can contribute significantly to the development process and succeed in removing the image problem. The marketing professionals involved in the process will be able to achieve qualitative improvements with the help of an innovative service mix. Currently, the NGOs are facing numerous problems.The increasing influence of social climbers and wrong people in the power corridors should be minimized and this is possible only when we assign due weight age to the approval and sanction process. The professionals, policy makers, promoters, social reformist and activists have to determine the priority areas for future success. ?Educational Institutions In the category of non-profit organizations, we find educational institutions playing an outstanding role. At almost all the levels, educational institutions experience numerous problems. The state policy makers should herefore think over the problem on a priority basis. At the primary, secondary and higher levels, the educational institutions are in a depleted condition. How can we talk about the government managed institutions when a majority of the private institutions present a very gloomy picture? On the one hand, there is a change in the educa tion system because in today’s conditions, expensive infrastructural facilities play an important role in improving the quality of education but because of paucity of fund, they find it is difficult to develop even the basic infrastructural facilities.The libraries, labs, supporting infrastructural facilities and the quality of faculty play an important role in improving the quality of education, but a majority of the government managed educational institutions find it difficult to promote the quality of their service mix, party, on account of financial crunch and partly because of professional deficiency. With an increasing pressure of population, the demand is increasing. The users and potential users have high expectations since they witness their counterparts elsewhere in the world available of world class educational facilities which are denied to them.Weaker sections of the society and the illiterate segments need educational assistance as they cannot afford the expensi ve educational facilities offered by some of the privately managed schools and colleges. The universities also present the same picture. Right from the primary to the higher, almost all the centers are in a poor condition and two important reasons obstructing them are inadequacy of finance and lack of professional excellence. The syllabi of the traditionally managed educational institutions are not in tune with the emerging trends and evolving developments.There is no corresponding relation between the formal and informal education, leading to a number of allied problems. The public fail to get informal education and this obstructs the process of developing quality people. The limited number of people getting education in the world class institutions may be professionally sound but a majority of them lack informal education. They are totally unaware of traffic and civic sense and aesthetic values which keep them ignorant of work culture, conviction and commitment.So, it is necessary that educational institutions in general make ensure that both the streams of imparting educational assistance, formal and informal, are given due importance. A majority of the problems are due to inadequacy of finance and the process of mobilization of financial resources is difficult. The image problem is obstructing their professionalized efforts. They find it difficult to raise the fee structure and the donors and potential donors are disinterested in their problems. The grants from government or other agencies have shrunk.Thus they are facing a number of problems on the financial front. There appears to be no way for an improvement in their financial position. It is against this background that we recommend the urgency of conceptualizing social marketing principles by these educational institutions. Professionalize services open the doors for multi-dimensional improvements. The marketing professionals using innovative marketing strategy will be able to improve their position. Of late there has been an attitudinal change as the parents in general are quite interested in quality education.In a majority of the cases they prefer to avail of quality services even if the fee structure is high. Of late expenditure on education is considered a productive investment and this has led to a qualitative transformation. Financial institutions and commercial banks are now evincing interest in resolving the problems of the weaker sections of the society who are not unable to afford expensive quality services. Where the educational institutions are performing well and playing a positive role in the development of quality people, it is quite natural that people develop a positive attitude towards them.This will also motivate the donors and potential donors since they witness productive use of their money. This broadens the avenues for the mobilization of financial resources. Since they have been making positive contributions to the process of development, the government w ould also evince interest in providing adequate grants. Then the social welfare organizations too would come forward to solve their financial problems. The marketing professionals, with the help of a sound service mix, will be successful in improving the quality of the core and peripheral services.The core services can help them in regaining the lost image, while the peripheral services will add additional attractions to their service-mix. When the educational institutions find themselves financially sound, development requirements will be conveniently fulfilled. The marketing professionals will find it easier to promote since they have made positive contributions. The public will become aware of the outstanding performance of the educational institutions leading to a better mage. The fee structure should be made optimal to improve the financial health of the educational institutions. The users will not hesitate to invest because they find justifications for the same. The infrastruc tural facilities can be enriched and the development of faculty would get due attention Thus, the marketing professionals can play a positive role and the educational institutions would emerge as an industry contributing significantly to the process of developing quality people.The mission will then be achieved since the vision has changed. The organizational goals of improving the quality, satisfying the users, developing the educational institution and increasing the number of satisfied group of users can conveniently be accomplished with the removal of image problem and the educational institutions will start contributing significantly to the process of human capital formation vis-a-vis socio-economic transformation. ConclusionTo strengthening the Non-profit/Not-for-Profit/NGOs sector through a radical restructuring of the government machinery, a radical change in the prevailing mindset of policy makers and corporative giants and a radical reallocation of resources in order to ma ke the people themselves the principal authors of their own future. They must be provided easy access to economic advantages they frequently are not entitled to benefit. They must not be treated as beggars/slavers and dependent downtrodden segments of society but as equal partners.Such a dramatic change requires a vigorous, broad-based participatory dialogue and committed leadership- leadership with clear vision and daunting courage.References: 1. Marketing Management –Second Edition-Tapan K Panda-Excel Books, New Delhi 2. Marketing Non-Profit Organizations –First Edition- S. M. Jha-Himalaya Publishing, Mumbai 3. Educational Marketing- Services Marketing -2002- S. M. Jha-Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai 4. Marketing for Non-Profit Organizations- 2004-P. kotler-PHI 5. CAPART Reporting – Floating NGO is Good Business-TOI/23/10/01